If the Clothes Fit, Wear It Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the event that the Clothes Fit, Wear It - Essay Example At the point when the mother went to the entryway, I saw the lady’s face radiating with such a great amount of happiness as she gave the natural product bin to my mother. I recall her truism a lot of thank you’s to my mother as my mother benevolently said that she was just happy that she could assist. At the point when the woman with the organic product bushel left, mother disclosed to me that the woman was the little girl of one of her patients in the clinic who has quite recently as of late recuperated. I recall my teacher disclosing to us that medical caretakers assume a significant job in the network since they help specialists and deal with wiped out individuals. That second when the woman with the natural product bin came, I came to acknowledge precisely what my teacher implied. That was additionally the second that I revealed to myself that sometime in the future, I would wear the equivalent faultlessly white garments, help specialists and deal with wiped out ind ividuals. Since the time that day, I have attempted my best and buckled down in attempting to achieve my objective of sometime being much the same as my mom. As an authorized professional medical attendant, I have come to acknowledge life and all that it brings to the table, including the great and the not all that great. Nursing is certifiably not a monetarily compensating calling. It is depleting truly, intellectually and inwardly.

Islam and Terrorism Essay

Muslims, particularly Arab Muslims, are said to have been reliably generalized in films, TV projects, kid's shows and even the news as fear based oppressor creatures, who have no respect for human life (Fisk 125). Also, as Robert Fisk would state, the more movies he viewed, the more kid's shows he saw, the more publications he read, the more dread of the terrible, frightful, outsider Muslim appeared to spread (127). Along these lines the Muslims consistently depicted as the vile, detestable, over-rearing and deserving of pulverization (Fisk 127). Moreover, thus, media currently has compared Islam with dread and fundamentalism, so regardless of where a bomb goes off on the planet, the principal suspects are consistently Muslims (Said 110). Said clarifies that both Israel and the United States distinguish fundamentalist Islam, a name which is regularly compacted into single word, â€Å"Islam† (111). Consequently, the Islamic conviction has been especially connected with fear based oppression. Be that as it may, at that point, does Islam truly advance demonstrations of psychological oppression? This paper plans to dig into the Islamic instructing, explicitly the idea of jihad, which is regularly highlighted be the primary explanation partner Islam with fear mongering. The paper would likewise distinguish the goal of jihad when contrasted with that of psychological warfare. At last, this paper means to reason that in the midst of the negative understandings of jihad contained in the instructing of Islam, Islam doesn't plan to advance psychological oppression however focuses on otherworldly endeavoring in a tranquil way. Jihad Mohammed Abdul Malek, writer of the book entitled A Study of the Qur’an: The Universal Guidance for Mankind, says that, Jihad is regularly a misconstrued idea of Islam (121). Malek says that, in spite of familiar way of thinking that jihad admonishes Muslims to extend Islam by brutal methods, jihad essentially alludes to a profound endeavoring to achieve proximity to Allah (121). Malek stresses that the precept of Jihad never energizes war or brutality (121). He says that it's anything but a blessed war against the non-devotees as is ordinarily comprehended, which expression was simply begat by the West in its battle against the Muslims during the hour of the Crusades, a war affected by the Church for strict addition (Malek 122). Besides, he says that there are different words in Arabic which are increasingly suitable to use in a war circumstance if war was the chief motivation behind Jihad (Malek 122). Instances of which are ‘harb’ which means war and ‘Ma’araka’ which means fight (Malek 122. ). The Qur’an could have utilized these rather than Jihad if the aim was the assertion of war (Malek 122). Malek cites Haji Ibrahim Golightly, who clarifies altogether the inquiry and reason for ‘Jihad’. Golightly discloses that Jihad intends to endeavor or put forth an attempt, for the most part in an Islamic setting, with the goal that anything which requires a push to be made is Jihad and the individual doing it is ‘mujahid’ (122). He says that media’s translation of jihad that it is battling and murdering for the sake of Allah, isn't accurate (Malek 122). He explains that said endeavors are surely for the sake of Allah, however not regarding battling and killing, yet rather includes exercises, for example, making time in a bustling calendar to contemplate the Qur’an; going to ‘halal’ butcher instead of the nearest or most advantageous one; talking about Islam with the two Muslims and non-Muslims and helping them to comprehend it better; examining ‘ayat’ or signs, both of Qur’an and in nature and science, so as to expand ‘ilm’, or information; setting different Muslims a genuine model and demonstrating non-Muslims the genuine method of Muslims (Malek 122). These, he says, are on the whole instances of Jihad in day by day life (Malek 122). Subsequently, Jihad, he clarifies, is the exertion made against inward and outside indecencies as well as to live content with oneself and ones network, regardless of whether Muslim or non-Muslim (Malek 122). Malek further recommends that Jihad must be clarified with regards to the Qur’anic sections in which it is utilized (Malek 122-123). A portion of the ordinary stanzas dependent on the interpretation of Maulana Muhammad Ali’s book entitled ‘The Religion of Islam’, clarifies jihad with regards to the Qur’anic Verses (Malek 123). To start with, it gives that â€Å"(22:78) And endeavor hard ‘jahidu’ for Allah with try which is right† (Malek 123). Ali clarifies that jihad suggests that one ought to apply one’s self to the most extreme capacity, similar to good, otherworldly or political, for the reason for Allah and to set up Allah’s Deen, without depending on war (Malek 123). Furthermore, it gives that â€Å"(29:6) And whoever endeavors hard (jahada), he endeavors (yujahidu) just for his own spirit, that is for his own advantage, for Allah is through and through free of (His) animals (Malek 123). These refrains at that point, as clarified by Malek, show that jihad is the profound endeavoring to accomplish proximity to Allah, and the consequence of this jihad is expressed to be Allah’s direction for those endeavoring his ways (123). It is a battle to win unbelievers not of the blade however of Qur’an (Malek 123). In the refrains refered to, jihad is utilized in the general feeling of endeavoring hard, ethically, profoundly, and in our everyday life, and suggests a battle in Allah’s approaches to accomplish a goal, without falling back on war (Malek 124). Malek additionally refers to the meaning of Jihad from the Muslimsonline. com, which fundamentally implies the endeavoring and alludes to the continuous exertion that an individual must make towards personal development and self-refinement (123). It additionally alludes to the obligation of Muslims, at both individual and aggregate level to battle against all types of wickedness, debasement, unfairness, oppression and persecutions whether submitted by Muslims and non-Muslims (Malek 123). Looking at then the reason for Jihad, which focuses on profound endeavoring (Malek 121), psychological warfare, on the otherhand points just to imperil human life and make a domain of dread and peril. Jihad, which in its source is a serene strict exercise simply like how different religions have, it is a long way from what fear based oppression expects to proliferate. Surely contrasting jihad with what fear based oppression means with achieve, there is for sure an exceptionally large distinction. Beside this, the twofold standard which exists in the public eye additionally will in general twist or sum up Muslim as fear based oppressors. Fisk refers to that once the offenders end up being Americans, the word ‘terrorism’ blurs from the features and are then supplanted into a word called ‘fanatics’ (128). This negative media has then an unfriendly impact on the every day lives of the Muslims (Fisk 129). End As can be seen from the stanzas taken with regards to the Qur’an which is the best source to decipher what jihad is, it instructs ‘spiritual striving’ (Malek 123) instead of what is anticipated in the media that frequently relates it. As clarified by Malek, Islam could have utilized other Arabic words which explicitly allude to war rather than the word ‘jihad’ if the aim was to engender war (122). Moreover, the expression ‘holy war’ is of Western inception ever, which was the battle against Muslims during that season of the Crusades (Malek 122). Fear based oppression on the otherhand, has no other expectation however to make some aggravation and brutality which are perilous to human life. In fact, this isn't a piece of the Islamic educating showed in the Qur’an. Much the same as different religions, which have exercises so as to practice their fundamental opportunity of religion, so does Islam have their own arrangements of exercises which don't at all proliferate war yet through methods which are quiet. Islam as a religion being related with fear mongering in this way frequently is a consequence of twisted perspectives instead of what it truly educates. This is for the most part because of the impact that media has to its watchers which, as we probably am aware is a ground-breaking medium when it comes anticipating and introducing who are considered as fear based oppressors and who are definitely not. This doesn't mean anyway that we ought to endure demonstrations of some Islamic gatherings which are with deficiency, however just implies that there ought to likewise be some duty particularly of people having a place with the media, to report adjusted news or highlight appears without being one-sided or being biased against a religion, division or gathering. There must likewise be regard for different religions simply like how the manner in which the Western method of conviction is regarded. Clarification by those given by those proficient in the translation of Qur’an, should likewise be allowed to clarify the Islamic conviction and must be allowed to likewise be introduced to watchers. In that manner, there would be a more profound comprehension of different religions as well as of different societies also. Without a doubt, everybody of us is against fear mongering due to the danger it brings to our day by day lives. Be that as it may, this ought not bargain regard for different religions too. It is time that there ought to be a solid international strategy toward Muslim nations (Saeed 131). There ought to likewise be some participation with respect to residents of countries in detailing those answerable for terroristic acts. Just along these lines, are we ready to pinpoint the genuine culprits and carry them to equity. Reference Fisk, Robert. â€Å"The Media Stereotype Muslims as Terrorists. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 125-130. Malek, Mohammed. â€Å"The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Does Not Advocate Violence. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 121-123. Saeed, Kazim. â€Å"Media Stereotypes Do Not Define the Image of Muslims. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 131 †133. Stated, Edward. â€Å"The Problem of Islamic Terrorism Is Overstated. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000.

Books To Read During Womens History Month

Books To Read During Womens History Month This is a guest post by Alice Burton. Alice is an opera singer and a ladies history enthusiast. She writes about books, history, and the undervaluing of Meghan Trainor at Reading Rambo. Follower her on Twitter @alice_sings. ____________________ Its March and therefore Womens History Month. What a perfect month to make us realize the long hard struggle is not yet over, and also to read up on the women who helped us get where we are today. For some reason, American womens history seems to begin and end with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. But there is more! So much more! We are grateful for Seneca Falls, but we must remember those before it who helped bring the movement to that point, and those after it who took the Seneca Falls spirit and ran with it. Heres some material thatll help you sound like someone who knows the deep cuts of womens history, starting in the late 18th century and ending in the present: 18th Century Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for Americas Independence by Carol Berkin Women’s roles in the Revolutionary War have been almost erased from history. Berkin proves that women were, in fact, integral to the formation of America. On the Equality of the Sexes by Judith Sargent Murray Even Abigail Adams’s thoughts on women’s rights were only expressed in letters. Judith Sargent Murray’s poem and brief essay were published in 1790, a full two years before Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 19th Century Declaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton’s radical “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal” set the tone for the women’s rights movement for the next 160 years. Discourse on Woman by Lucretia Mott Famed abolitionist and women’s rights advocate Lucretia Mott co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention. In Discourse on Woman, she argues, using biblical and historical references, that the case against woman is a feeble one at best. Aint I A Woman by  Sojourner Truth 130 years before bell hooks’s From Margin to Center, Sojourner Truth reveals the shocking truth that not all women are upper middle class and white. Crusade for Justice by Ida B. Wells Journalist Ida B. Wells led a national anti-lynching campaign, organized a black boycott of the 1893 Columbian Exposition, and forced the integration of the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade. Crusade for Justice is her 1928 autobiography. Woman, Church and State by Matilda Joslyn Gage Gage was a radical feminist of the mid-1800s who criticized the Church and fought for the rights of Native Americans. In Woman, Church and State, she outlines how women have been oppressed by the Church and patriarchy. A Wheel within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle by Frances Willard As longtime president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Willard’s concept of Home Protection popularized the idea of suffrage by deradicalizing it. Here she pushes women to get out of doors and participate in life. It could be described as the 19th century Lean In. 20th Century Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot by Mary Walton If you’re going to read about one person involved in the 20th century’s fight for suffrage, read about Alice Paul. Now We Can Begin: Whats Next? by Crystal Eastman Written immediately after the ratification of women’s suffrage in 1920, Eastman’s call to continued action begins “Men are saying perhaps ‘Thank God, this everlasting womans fight is over!’ But women, if I know them, are saying, ‘Now at last we can begin.’” The Myth of Womens Inferiority by Evelyn Reed This 1954 essay discusses prehistoric women’s roles as chemists, tanners, textile-makers, and architects. The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House by Audre Lorde Lord advocates bringing all voices to the table, noting that difference “must be not merely tolerated, but seen as a fund of necessary polarities between which our creativity can spark like a dialectic.” The Creation of Patriarchy by Gerda Lerner A study that argues that patriarchy is not part of the natural order. Lerner looks at history, literature, and archaeology, and puts a date on patriarchy’s creation. This Bridge Called My Back, Cherríe Moraga and Gloria E. Anzaldúa, ed. An anthology by women of color, This Bridge Called My Back was an early step in focusing on voices that have been marginalized in the feminist and LGBT movements. How to Suppress Womens Writing by Joanna Russ Russ lays out the subtle and insidious ways in which women’s contributions to literature are discouraged, minimized, or denied. Mankiller: A Chief and Her People by Wilma Mankiller Wilma Mankiller was the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998. Mankiller is her autobiography. Riot Grrrl Manifesto by Kathleen Hanna The Riot Grrrl movement of the ‘90s cleared a larger space for women in the punk world. Its manifesto, by Bikini Kill singer Kathleen Hanna, famously proclaims that it exists because “we are angry at a society that tells us Girl = Dumb, Girl = Bad, Girl = Weak.” 21st Century Full Frontal Feminism by Jessica Valenti Valenti’s guide helped reclaim the word “feminist” and make the movement’s ideals accessible to a new generation. Dudes, Relax: The Rise Of Women Does Not Mean the Fall of Men by Lindy West Former Jezebel staff writer Lindy West’s casual style and brusque assertions may polarize her readers, but they are all, nevertheless, still reading her. *Thanks to Hilary McGraw from the National Women’s History Museum for her inestimable help and delightful conversation. Editors Note: Audre Lordes name was originally misspelled, and has been corrected. ____________________ Want more bookish goodness, news, posts about special book deals, and the occasional puppy reading pic? Follow us on Facebook: Save Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

How Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone (...

Ancient Greek theatre is famed for hosting many playwrights that have stood the test of time, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gender protocol. Women were to remain invisible, obedient and subordinate and to rebel against these restrictions would condemn women to be seen as psychotics, liars, and traitors. Even so many female playwrights recreate these plays today in a modern light to†¦show more content†¦However, for a modern day society these plays prove useful to a feminist playwright breaking down Ancient Greek gender barriers as they create a critique of a patriarchal society through influential characters such as Medea an d Antigone. The virtue of a women, Aristotle said is â€Å"obedience and subordination† while that of a man is â€Å"the courage of command† (Politics 1. 1260a 20-32), so what happens when a women tried to rebel against these belief’s? In traditional Greek theatre when a women voiced her beliefs and did not conform to being reduced to silence she ended up being killed. This can be seen through Medea and Antigone as they are women who dared to be heard and this violation of societal expectation was fatal. In the context of when these plays were written the refusal to conform to unjust gender laws was simply unacceptable. Women were seen as inferior; hence the punishment for rebellious actions in Medea and Antigone was appropriate protocol at the time. Modern versions of these plays react to these sexist statements in a way to highlight the misogynistic and patriarchal values that are embedded in western society. In the Abbey Theatre production of Medea directed by Deborah Wa rner, an explicitly feminist standpoint was taken, proving to be successful. Medea played as a modern woman who is troubled with the disloyalty of her husband plots revenge on her unsuspecting husband. John Water, an Irish Times columnist said that this portrayal createdShow MoreRelatedThe Origins of Greek Theatre Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pagesbut soon enough its fields of interest spread to various myths along with historic facts. As ancient drama was an institution of Democracy, the great tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides as well as the comedian Aristophanes elevated public debate and political criticism to a level of aesthetic achievement. Euripides and the ethologist Menandros, in the thriving years of Alexandria and later on during the Roman domination, reached a beau ideal level and through the Romans managed to form Western

Violence in Todays Society - 1424 Words

Lisa M. Allen Enc 1101 September 14, 2008 Today’s Violence and Its Many Causes Violence in today’s society is at an all time high. There are many causes for the increase in violence in our society. Violence is defined by (1) criminal law, the illegal use of unjustified force, or the intimidating effect created by the threat of this (2) the use of physical force to injure somebody or damage something (Encarta Dictionary: English – North American Version). Rape, homicide, assault and burglary with a weapon are all forms of malicious legal violence that plague our communities in irrevocable ways. In fact violence in the form of homicide is the second leading cause in youth ages fifteen to twenty-four, third leading cause in ages†¦show more content†¦, PhD, MS, CAP, CAPP, Director of Operations - Sutton Place Behavioral Health. Powerpoint Presentation. Florida Statewide Prevention Conference 2007). Since the 1950s, thousands of studies have been done on the effects of violence in television and movies. The majority of these studies con clude that: children who watch significant amounts of television and movie violence are more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior, attitudes and values (Illinois Center for Violence Prevention. Media and The Changing World Report. May 2005. Page 12). Per the Congressional Public Health Summit, 2000, young children 1.) are more easily impressionable 2.) have a harder time distinguishing between fantasy and reality 3.) cannot easily discern motives for violence and 4.) learn by observing and imitating. Finally there are plenty of studies going on right now researching how violent video games can cause people to have more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; and decrease empathetic, helpful behaviors with peers. With the over stimulation of the brain, it requires children to go above and beyond the last experience in order to feel the same endorphins. With the need to out do the next guy and with the motto â€Å"if it bleeds, it leads†, then what do we expect for the n ext generation of youth to be faced with? In generation Y we are seeing a major increase inShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence And Its Effects On Today s Society2184 Words   |  9 Pages Media violence, in some cases, can be a real issue in today s society. However, we can not blame all of the reality violence on media portrayals. Media violence is just as it sounds, the art of violence through media. The official definition of media violence is visual portrayals of acts of physical aggression by one human or human-like character against another (L. RowellHuesmann). As there are many things that can promote violence in today s world, this could be part of the reason that whatRead MoreMedia Violence And Its Effects On Today s Society2168 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Two Media violence, in some cases, can be a real issue in today s society. However, we can not blame all of the reality violence on media portrayals. Media Violence is just as it sounds, the art of violence through media. (1)The official definition of media violence is visual portrayals of acts of physical aggression by one human or human-like character against another. As there are many things that can promote violence in the world we live in today, this could be part of the reason thatRead More The Effects Of Violence In Media On Society Today Essay2224 Words   |  9 Pages Is societies violence the media’s fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every American’s house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isn’t one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointingRead MoreThe Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Essay2286 Words   |  10 PagesIs societies violence the medias fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every Americans house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isnt one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointing toRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Today s Society1518 Words   |  7 Pageslargest role in influencing adolescents in today’s society. According to Marina Krcmar and Kathryn Green, â€Å"Viewing of violent television and interest in television violence has been linked to a host of antisocial behaviors such as increased aggression, decreased s ensitivity to violence and the suffering experienced by the victims of violence, and an increased sense of fear and helplessness† (Krcmar 195). This means that after long-term exposure to violence on television, people essentially become desensitizedRead MoreWhy School Violence Have Such Of An Effect On Our Society Today?1142 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech 131- T/TH 7:30 am Section 33282 Courtney Mathis ID # 2899247 Why does school violence have such of an effect on our society today? School violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, group or community, with the behavior likely to cause physical or psychological harm. Most school violence start from differences between teenagers. Like for instance about some weeks ago this girl named Amy Joyner died over this boy. The girls that jumped her was mad that she was datingRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Major Issue Throughout Today s Society1956 Words   |  8 PagesDomestic violence is a major issue throughout today’s society, and the domestic violence spotlight usually shines in the direction of professional sports. The less than glamorous limelight usually shines upon major sports leagues including the NBA, NHL, (DeGette). NFL, and NASCAR. (Taylor). From all of the recent controversy, one thing is clear; domestic violence cases should be left to U.S. Congress due to the sports leagues’ rule violations against the offenses. The Commissioners of all of theRead MoreDomestic Violence : The Biggest Issue Today s Society With All Ages984 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic Violence is one of the biggest issue in today’s society with all ages. Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, dating abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family. It is experienced by women and men in heterosexual and same-sex relationships. Domestic violence does not haveRead More Violence in Schools Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages As teachers, parents, and students prepare and begin this new school year, hopefully fears of school violence such as the bullying, slapping, punching, weapon use, and rape will not be their major concern. To top it all, what is School Violence? As defined in the Oxford Dictionary, School Violence is a subset of students or teachers violence, physical force exerted for the purpose of violating, damaging, or abusing, the act or an instance of violent action or behavior at school, abuse or injuryRead MoreMedia Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Samuel OGarro Media and Society Professor Stephanie Morrow Media portrayal of sex and violence between today and my past. Media is a mode of communication which acts to be a link between the people in today’s society. There were many different issues presented between today and earlier days in the case of media portrayal of sex and violence. Today the media represents the stories of sex and violence in every single newspaper, video, radio and channels as opposed to the past, the media

Human Motivation the Influential Drive Behind Human Altruism Free Essays

Human motivation the influential drive behind human altruism At the forefront of social psychology the issue of what motivates one to act in a prosocial manner has arisen with a vast array of theory and response. The heart of the topic lies in the ambiguity as to whether one acts altruistically as a result of an innate response of empathy and compassion, or merely due to self interest. By definition altruism refers to, â€Å"behaviour that helps people with no apparent gain or with potential cost to one’s self†, (Western 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Human Motivation the Influential Drive Behind Human Altruism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet, this concept in itself is not unproblematic in that undoubtedly displays of altruism exist, but may not ultimately be driven by selflessness. Motivation is indisputably the integral drive behind human behaviour, and is the most crucial factor influencing human altruism. Reciprocal altruism; simply the idea that we offer assistance and expect it returned, is undeniably practiced with the motivation of one’s personal wellbeing in mind. Similarly, the concept of motivation also provides a logical understanding of kin selection whereby we are inclined to help our genetic related, as aiding one’s family will ultimate better one’s self. A cost rewards analysis, as well as social exclusion can also be depicted as highly motivated by a person’s needs and survival; and therefore can once more be deemed selfish. Thus, by grasping a concrete understanding of one’s ultimate purpose in a given situation, the question as whether we are driven by a natural selfless capacity or with intention of maximizing personal gain can be ascertained. Unquestionably, acts of genuine and authentic altruism exist, however in situations that help is required, consciously or subconsciously the helper is more likely to personally benefit from their action, than not. A motive refers to the goal or object of a person’s action. Human nature is inherently selfish, therefore when deciding whether to engage in a prosocial act; an individual’s primary concern is oneself. This is not always conscious to the individual, yet whether it is a simple question of the motives for an occupation, or concern for the environment; it is linked to maximizing personally or for society as a whole. Krous (2005), conducted research in order to determine what would motivate people in help related fields such as psychology, education and nursing to work with underserved populations; which consist of groups such as ethnic minorities, the mentally ill, the homeless and elderly. The research was conducted using 135 students from Midwestern University majoring in help related fields. Whilst factors such as work autonomy, troubled past experiences or a parent in a helping profession did inspire some to work with such groups, economic reward and prosperity as well as diverse training proved to be vital to a vast majority. Another way in which we can relate people’s motivations with the concern for themselves is through their view on the environment. This was put to the test through a study by Berenguer (2007) whereby participants were presented with illustrations of eight large trees being cut down and a dead bird on the beach covered in oil. The findings concluded that participants conveyed empathy and were dismayed by the devastating state of the environment. One needs to pose the question; what motivates one to act altruistically toward the environment? The simple fact that they are ultimately a part of the environment that they endeavor to save, and thus prevent the personal and societal hardship that would follow its total destruction. The concept that an individual’s sense of belonging in a group impacts upon their willingness to behave in a socially caring manner, once more brings the notion of selfishness to the fore. People are encouraged by their culture and society to take part in prosocial behavior. While engaging in a prosocial act often entails risk and cost to oneself, in the big picture, belonging to a group provides vast benefits. The concept that one’s belongingness will ultimately impact upon a person’s willingness to engage in a prosocial act is questioned in a number of research experiments conducted by Twenge (2007). Experiment One – donating money; had 34 participants take a personality test. Responders were randomly allocated a personality summary of either ‘future alone’, ‘future belonging’, or ‘misfortune control condition. ’ Each participant received $2 for taking part and were informed that there was a collection for the Student Emergency fund. The results had only 37% of the ‘future alone’ donate to the fund contrasting with 100% of the participants in the other groups. Thus, social exclusion lead to a significant decrease in helping behaviour. This suggests that one’s emotional state will pertain to their ability to offer empathetic understanding and an inclination to help others, as Twenge states, â€Å"Social exclusion apparently renders the prosocial behaviour tool temporarily useless. † Therefore, when an individual is emotionally vulnerable and lacking self-esteem they lose their ability to care for the wellbeing of others. Once more the proving human beings as self-interested creatures who are only willing to help when they feel they have been helped or that their society accepts them. Evolutionary theories pertaining to altruism have played a nodal role in understanding human motivations, and moreover through the kin selection theory and the concept of reciprocal altruism emphases once again that we are compelled by rational self-interest, to always put ourselves first. Kin selection focuses on actions of people who are genetically related as stated by Neyer (2003), â€Å"blood is thicker than water, implying that kin are generally favored over non-kin. The motive behind a parent, whether human or animal in protecting their off springs is in their attempt to protect and ensure the next generation. The protection of our genetic code is explored by Maynard Smith (1964), which explains that we are more than likely to help direct family over our more distant family and our more distant family over non-ki n. This idea is heightened in a study conducted by Burnstein (1994) which found that life or death helping was significantly more likely to be offered with close genetic relatedness. The notion of looking after one’s genetic coding for future generations, through the idea of kin selection once more exemplifies the way in which we are hard-wired to act in a socially caring manner to maximize person gain. â€Å"Reciprocal Altruism†, refers to the way in which humans help another person, thus building a relationship where help is expected to be returned at a later date. It is an evolutionary process that clarifies prosocial acts that occur among the non-related. A basic example of such an exchange is acknowledged by Fitness (2007), whereby two fishermen in a village agree to share what they catch for the day with one another. Therefore if one fisherman does not catch any fish they are reassured that they will not go hungry. Such an example supports the theory that engaging in reciprocal altruism increases the chances of survival over individuals who act selfishly, as long as both parties involved reciprocate. Our willingness to help is determined by the likelihood that the help will be returned, therefore in a situation where a stranger requires help it is unlikely that an act will be reciprocated and therefore we feel less inclined to help. In order for the survival of reciprocal altruism, Dovidio (2006) explains that there must be a willingness to chastise those who do cheat and find ways of gratifying individuals that voluntarily refrain from cheating. Reciprocal altruism can be considered a two way street, a relationship in which both parties will profit; and therefore is a response visibly motivated to maximize personal gain. The cost and benefits of engaging in a prosocial act ultimately determines ones willingness to involve themselves, hence supporting the concept that we are hard-wire for personal gain. From this view, humans are rational and chiefly concerned with their own self-interest and agenda. Dovidio (2006) explains the notion of a cost reward analysis, whereby in a potential helping situation the individual weighs the possible costs and benefits in order to reach the most desired outcome. An important aspect of grasping the parameters of prosocial behavior consists of learning when people will help. Dovidio (2006) references the assault of Kitty Genovese, whereby arriving home late from work she was brutally attacked outside her apartment building. This horrific event took place over 45 minutes whereby the attacker returned three times, finally stabbing her to death; with a shocking 38 onlookers that did nothing to help. This incident confirms the view that we are predominantly concerned with our own survival and self-interest as the potential helpers perceived the dangers to dominate over the benefits. Contrastingly, Dovidio (2006) cites the case of Reginald Denny, who was brutally beaten during the civil disturbance in Los Angeles in 1992. Four African Americans were watching nearby on live television and rushed to the scene fending off his attackers and transporting him to hospital, consequently saving his life. Whilst the four helpers were deemed heroes and rewarded with internal benefits of self satisfaction and fulfillment of one’s duty, it challenges the idea that we are hard-wired for personal gain as this act is undeniably a genuine expression of altruism. continuum There is a vast array of motivators that explain why humans engage in altruistic behaviour, a large majority pertaining to the desire to maximize personal gain. Such motivations are reinforced by the evolutionary theories on kin selection and reciprocal altruism; as well as one’s emotional state and the concept of a cost and reward analysis. This is not to say expressions of genuine altruism do not exist, as we have clearly established they do; they are simply few and far between. It is evident that humans have the capacity both to be incredibly selfish and heroically altruistic it would seem that tragically selfishness is hard-wired into us where we are motivated with one leading concern, ourselves. References * John F. Dovidio, Jane Allyn Piliavin, David A. Schroeder, Louis A. Penner. (2006) Social Psychology of Prosocial Behaviour. [Book] Chapter 3 – The Context: When will people help? Chapter 4 – Why do people help? * Krous, Tangala M. D. ; Nauta, Margaret M. (2005) Values, Motivations, and Learning Experiences of Future Professionals: Who Wants to Serve Underserved Populations? [Education and Training in Professional Psychology. ] Volume 36(6), pg 688-694 * Twenge, Jean (M). ; Baumeister, Roy (F); DeWall,(C). Nathan; Ciarocco, Natalie (J); Bartels, (J). Michael. (2007). Journal or Personality and Social Psychology. Social exclusion decrease Prosocial behaviour. Volume 92 (1) p56-66 * Berenguer, J. (2007). The Effect of Empathy in Proenvironmental Attitudes. Environment and Behaviour, 39; 269 * Westen, D. (2006). Psychology 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hobeoken. United States of America * Neyer, Franz J. ; Lang, Frieder R. (2003). Blood is thicker than water. Kinship Orientation among adults. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol – 84. Pg 310-321 * Fitness (2007). Lecture – Altruism and Prosocial Behaviour How to cite Human Motivation the Influential Drive Behind Human Altruism, Papers

Effects of Climate Change on Developing Countries free essay sample

Some developed countries signed the Kyoto Protocol and reduced their gas emissions. Canada with the CCCDF (Canada Climate Change Development Fund), is helping South America to solve the problem. Some large counties like USA, the main pollutant is not helping as much as developing countries need them. First, the Kyoto Protocol started in December of 1997 when more than 160 countries signed it to solve the problems caused by the climate change. This could be done by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and promote better ways of producing and using the energy. In 2002, Canada signed the protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, when ratified by the 55 countries that produce 55 percent of the developed worlds carbon dioxide emissions . U. S. A and Canada have the highest greenhouse gas emissions. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Climate Change on Developing Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course U. S. A have the higher emissions. The objective of this agreement is to stabilize the greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that it would not interfere with the climate system and also to protect developing countries from the problems caused by the climate changes, or greenhouse gas emissions. Some developing countries like China joined the Protocol to help the world and their selves. It is an excellent idea that developing countries join the Protocol because that way they are helping themselves and the others. Developing countries are suffering problems sea level rise and extreme weather changes. Concerning the Canada Climate Change Development Fund (CCCDF), a Canadian organization that helps developing countries to solve the problems cause by climate changes. It started in 2000 as a part of the government. The main objectives were contributing to Canada’s climate change and promoting activities in developing countries that solve the causes and effects of the climate change. At the same time helping to poverty reduction and the development of the country. The CCCDF wants to help developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to their development by transferring technology. This not only helps to reduce the GHG emissions and reduce the global climate change, but it also brings Canada environmental help, like cleaner air. It also creates opportunities to invest on new technologies. The government of Canada is investing $1. 1 billion to address climate change over the next five years . The CCCDF established the following expected results: -Reduce the Greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. -Increase the use of Carbon in forests, wetlands, etc. for the good. -Reduce vulnerability of developing countries to effects of climate change. -Increase capacity of developing countries to participate in global efforts to solve climate change. Unfortunately, countries like the United States of America; the higher greenhouse emission country did not sign the Protocol. They said that the U. S. A does not agree with the protocol because it may affect to their economy and that they do not agree with some details. The US alone accounted for 36. 1% of worldwide greenhouse emissions in 1990. It is very important that countries like this sign the agreement and help because they are the countries with the more industry and they have the higher gas emissions level. Developing countries do not have the technology or environmental industry to address the issue. And countries like USA are needed to take responsibility so it can be done. The Australian government along with the U. S government agreed to sign their own contract called the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. This was created on July 2005. Developed countries have started to address the climate changes issue on developing countries by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping developing countries to reduce gas emissions and make good use of other materials. Unfortunately climate changes are still causing great damage around the world, so we should not wait until people from another country tells us what to do. If we start one by one making only a very small effort that could be not polluting by not using cars too much, we could start changing the world. The problem is not only caused by the big developed countries, it is caused by every single person in the world and it has to be solved by everyone.